Water Spirit.

Child’s Ghost at Water’s Edge.

David Calvert.

water ghost1

Becky’s Testimony.

“I have an e-mail friend in Australia who sent me a series of photos that she had taken. When I looked at this one I immediately saw the image of a girl child sitting near the water’s edge. She has a white long-sleeved dress on, arm is bent at the elbow and her hand is resting on her chin. She has cropped curly blonde hair and a hat on. She almost looks like she is posing for the photo. What do you think?”

Evidence-Based Image Analysis.

water ghost1 - CopyThe features that Becky described in her testimony are non-existent. This is a prime example of pareidolia – the brains propensity to try to make sense out of random patterns. What this image is really showing is nothing more than a trick of light and shadow. The “white dress” is in actuality the sky reflected on the surface water through a break in the tree canopy. The “arm”, “hand” an “chin” are not real. They are merely the product of the observers brain trying to make sense of the random patterning. Under high magnification, you can see a water ripple in front of the “face”.

CONCLUSION: Pareidolia,  created by light and shadow illusion.

© David Calvert 2011

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Classifying UFOs

UFO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 

David Calvert

The Hynek UFO Classification System (HCS)

The first serious attempt at classifying UFOs came from the most influential figure in ufology, J Allen HynekJoseph Allen Hynek. A professor of Astronomy at North-western University, US, Hynek was employed in 1948 by the US Air Force to investigate UFO reports. As former head of Project Blue Book, he devised the following classification system, which has long been the ‘industry standard’. He initially divided UFO reports according to the distance from the observer – greater or less than 150 m. (500 ft.) – and then further subdivided these two sections into a total of six categories.

‘LONG DISTANCE’ SIGHTINGS.

Nocturnal lights:

Light or lights seen at a distance. These may display various fluctuations in intensity, changes in colour and/or rapid acceleration, and sudden turns or directional changes. They frequently turn out to be no more than misidentifications of planets such as Venus or Jupiter, high altitude aircraft or meteors. Daylight (diurnal) discs: Often seen at a distance, and varying considerably in shape and size, may be disc, cigar or cylinder shaped, egg or acorn shaped (the former usually seen on a horizontal axis, the latter on a vertical axis). They may be spherical, ovate, irregular shapes or (as of late) large black triangles. They may or may not exhibit similar patterns of behaviour to nocturnal lights. Often the result of misidentified weather balloons, blimps, aircraft or even hoaxes.

RADAR VISUALS.

Witnessed as a radar reflection and as a visual sighting by an independent observer. Stand-alone radar sightings are often written off due to the nature of false traces caused by natural phenomena such as flocks of birds, ground scatter (a reflected signal from high cloud), cloud banks and temperature inversions. Relatively rare, but important, they may provide instrumental evidence to support the visual aspect of the sighting.

CLOSE RANGE SIGHTINGS:

CE I  (Close encounters of the first kind): Observations of phenomena with no interaction between UFO and witness or environment.

CE II (Close encounter of the second kind): The witnessing of physical effects on organic and non-organic, animate or inanimate objects. Such effects may include the disruption of car engines or other radio or electrical interference (due to the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effect on the electrical circuits, diesel engines are not usually effected), broken tree limbs, scorched or flattened vegetation, imprints in the ground, scorched or newly exposed earth, and increased radiation levels or localised time anomalies.

CE III (Close encounters of the third kind): The witnessing of occupants in or around the UFO. There is a bone of contention concerning these so-called ‘contactee cases’. Hynek himself believed that such reports invariably came from pseudoreligious fanatics, and sceptics to add weight to these arguments often quote cases such as those of George Adamski, et al. To fully qualify for CE III status, the occupants of the UFO should either be witnessed or have verbal or some other communication with the witness. There may be displays of hostility by or towards the extraterrestrial biological entity (EBE) or by remote devices.

CE IV (Close encounter of the fourth kind):  Although this is not one of Hynek’s classifications per se, it is included as a later addition to the above and implies actual abduction by EBEs, in its literal sense of being abducted without the witness’s consent and/or knowledge. These encounters frequently begin with a CE II and the abductee may have no knowledge of the event until such time as regression therapy becomes necessary due to subsequent emotional or psychological disturbances.

The Valée Anomaly Classification System

Jacques ValleeDevised by Dr. Jacques Valée, a French-American graduate of Hynek’s astronomy course at North-western University, this system is now more widely used than Hynek’s system, as it is more specific for analytical purposes and narrows things down somewhat. Valée divided UFO reports into the various sections detailed below.

AN ratings are used to classify anomalous behaviour.

AN 1: Anomalies which have no lasting physical effects, such as amorphous or flashing lights, and unexplained explosions.

AN 2: Anomalies that do have lasting physical effects, such as poltergeists, materialised objects, areas of flattened grass, scorched ground, broken or damaged trees, crop circles, etc.

A 3: Anomalies that have entities associated with them, such as big foot, ghosts, yetis, spirits, elves, goblins, or other such mythical or legendary entities.

A 4:  Witness interaction with the AN 3 entities, including near-death experiences, religious miracles and visions, out-of-body experiences (OOBEs).

A 5: Reports of anomalies in which there are injuries and deaths, including spontaneous human combustion (SHC), unexplained wounds, or even ‘supernatural’ healing that may result from such an experience.

MA ratings are used to describe the behaviour of a UFO and are comparable with the Nocturnal Light, Daylight Disc, and Radar-Visual Hynek classifications.

MA 1: A UFO has been observed which travels in a discontinuous trajectory – rapid acceleration/deceleration, vertical climbs or drops, manoeuvres or loops.

MA 2: MA 1 plus any physical effects caused by the UFO as per AN 1 or AN 2.

MA 3: MA 1 plus any entities observed on board, e.g., the airship cases of the late 19th century.

MA 4: Manoeuvres that are accompanied by a sense of reality transformation for the witness.

MA 5: Manoeuvres resulting in the permanent injury of death of the witness.

FB ratings are used to describe the fly-by of an anomalous craft or object.

FB 1: A straightforward sighting of a UFO travelling in a straight line across the sky.

FB 2: FB 1 accompanied by other physical evidence.

FB 3: A fly-by where crew, pilots or other entities are observed on board.

FB 4: A fly-by whereby the witness has experienced a transformation of reality into the object or its occupants.

FB 5: A fly-by in which the witness suffers permanent injuries or even death.

CE ratings are used to describe close encounters, and are very similar to the Hynek close encounter classifications.

CE 1: UFO comes to within 150 m. of the witness, but the witness or the surrounding area suffers no after-effects.

CE 2: CE 1 that leaves landing traces, or temporary injuries to the witness.

CE 3: Entities have been observed on or within the UFO.

CE 4: The witness has undergone abduction.

CE 5: CE 3 that results in permanent psychological injuries to, or death of, the witness.

SVP RATINGS

The SVP rating system is an important rating of credibility. ‘Marks’ out of four are awarded for the three categories of reliability (first number), site visit (second number), and possible explanations (third number). For example, if a rating of 330 was awarded, it would imply that the witness was at first-hand and reliable, the site was visited by a reliable investigator, but the sighting could be explained by natural or mundane causes, thus:

Source reliability rating: 

  •  Unknown or unreliable source = 0
  •  Report attributed to a source of unknown or unmeasured reliability = 1
  •  Reliable source – second-hand = 2
  •  Reliable source – first hand = 3
  •  First hand personal interview with the witness by a source of proven reliability = 4

Site visit rating:

  • No site visits, or answer unknown =
  • Site visit by a person not familiar with the phenomena =
  • Site visit by a person or persons familiar with the phenomena =
  • Site visit by a reliable investigator (s) with some experience =
  • Site visit by skilled analyst (s) = 4

Possible explanations rating:

  • Data consistent with one or more natural or mundane causes =0
  • Natural explanation requires only slight modification of the data = 1
  • Natural explanation requires major alteration of one parameter = 
  • Natural explanation requires major alteration of several parameters =
  • No natural explanation possible, given the evidence =4

© David Calvert 2011

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Strangeness in Paradise.

STRANGENESS IN PARADISE

 David Calvert

Opposite the Gulfs of Patras and Corinth there lies an island steeped in myth and legend. It is an enigmatic place of mysterious moving rocks and vanishing waters, a land in which the inconceivable appears possible. For County Durham couple, Graham Beckwith and Angela Vale (real name withheld) one such unimaginable event took place when the hired car in which they were travelling seemed, quite literally, to defy the law of gravity.
It was June 1993, and the peak tourist season on Cephalonia was well underway. Like many other visitors to the Greek holiday island, Graham – a then student with BSC honours in environmental studies – and Angela were drawn to this idyll by the promise of unparalleled landscapes and geological contrasts.

Stop Off

Some 16 kilometers still remained of their homeward journey as they drove down the west coast mountain road, a relaxed mood engendering thoughts of the day’s events. It was late afternoon, the temperature was idling in the low 90s, and the village of Simotata now lay several minutes drive behind them.
July-8-2011-a-roadside-memorial-shrine-near-Kampos-village-on-Patmos-IMG_0572As they headed towards the Ionian village of Platie, a roadside shrine, similar to the one shown here,  suddenly piqued Angela’s curiosity. They pulled over and Angela got out of the car to take a better look, leaving Graham behind. Shrines to road accident victims are commonplace in that part of the world and Graham had seen more than enough of them that day.
Sitting in the car, with its motor running, Graham soon realised that his companion was taking a little longer than expected. He disengaged the engine and put the gears into neutral, keeping his foot on the brake pedal to prevent the Fiat rolling downhill. As he awaited Angela’s return he inadvertently shifted his foot from the pedal. Contrary to his expectations, and much to his surprise, the car began reversing uphill, covering a distance of 4-5 metres. Alarmed, he called out to Angela who turned to witness the bizarre spectacle.
“If I hadn’t applied the brakes when I did, Graham said, “I’d have rolled over the edge of the mountain.” Undaunted by his experience he drove back to his original position where, once again, the car duplicated its earlier action.
After arriving at their apartment some time later, the couple suddenly realised that Graham’s Sharp camcorder had lain, forgotten in the confusion, on the rear seat of the Fiat. They determined then to return to the spot to hopefully video a recurrence of the bewildering phenomenon.

A Chance Encounter

A further twist was added to the tale when on the following evening, having returned from a prearranged sightseeing tour, Graham and Angela met up with Norwich couple, Jill Palmer and Nigel Ashwood, to whom they related their strange story. Incredibly, the pair knew the precise location and described the area in detail – even down to the broken tile perched on top of the shrine. Mr. Ashwood went on to describe a disquieting episode at the site, which had caused both him and his partner to leave prematurely, with the distinct feeling that there was something “weird” and “threatening” about the place.

Video Footage

The following day, Friday, June 9, Graham and Angela returned to the shrine and, after several abortive attempts, managed to secure on film the gravity-defying Fiat in action. The gradient of the road and its direction of inclination are not readily obvious when viewing the video footage, which might lead the viewer to think that they were perhaps mistaken about it and that the car was, in actual fact, facing downhill. If this was the case, then why did it take several attempts before the Fiat responded? This fact, and the continued assertions of the others involved, can only lead one to conclude that something extraordinary did occur that day… or did it?
Several enquiries were made by this author to independent sources to ascertain whether an electrical or mechanical fault in the vehicle could account for its odd behaviour. They were met with the same swift and unequivocal response: “Impossible!”
Sceptics may theorise that the entire scenario was staged for notoriety or financial gain. Neither of these hypotheses fit. Any notoriety produced by their story could only have served to exacerbate and already troubled personal history, and there has certainly never been any question of payment regarding their tale.
Many years passed following  Graham and Angela’s strange encounter, and they had yet to discover the truth behind the mystery that beleaguered their minds with so many questions and speculations.  My involvement in this case added further to those speculations, as the following demonstrates:

Spontaneous PK & the ‘Hutchinson Effect’

Perhaps the answer lies in the exhaustive researches of German-born physicist, Helmut Schmidt who has amassed a dramatic and powerful body of evidence for the existence of spontaneous psychokinesis (PK). This apparent ability of certain individuals to exert, consciously or otherwise, an influence over people or objects causing them to move or levitate is well documented in the annals of psychical research.
There may, of course, be a more natural explanation for the gravitational anomaly, involving low-iron ball floatingpower electromagnetic (EM) fields. Canadian amateur scientist, John Hutchinson has been conducting research since 1981 into the bizarre effects of EM fields. He has recorded a range of phenomena in his laboratory involving the levitation of heavy objects, unusual luminous phenomena (balls of light), magneto-acoustic effects (the sounds of heavy footsteps and cracking whips), the deformation of metal bars, and much more.
Whilst these phenomena are due to the devices he employs in his laboratory to artificially create overlapping EM fields there is a growing body of evidence which suggests something similar occurs in the outside environment. In today’s world the proliferation of mobile phone relay towers,EM fields microwave repeaters, CB radios, radar equipment, TV stations and their boosters, radio frequency transmitters and a host of other telecommunication systems, combine to make electromagnetic hot spots. These fields mix with natural energies from the earth such as geological fault lines and subterranean water courses to create an electromagnetic environment similar to those recorded in Hutchinson’s laboratory. Might not this phenomenon also be responsible for the mysterious vanishing waters and moving rocks for which the island is noted?
Finally, it is perhaps interesting to observe that the effect of these intermodulating fields on the human brain can cause individuals to experience a sense of anxiety and menace, as was reported by Nigel Ashwood and Jill Palmer.
You will recall at the beginning of this blog [paragraph 2], the island is noted for its ‘unparalleled landscapes and geological contrasts’.  It is this author’s opinion that what was experienced in this case was an optical illusion created by the topographical surroundings.  Optical illusions are images or pictures that we perceive differently than they really are. Put another way, optical illusions occur when our eyes send information to our brains that tricks us into perceiving something that does not match reality.  In this case the lay of the land isn’t all it appears to be. What looks like an uphill incline is actually a downhill inclined surface. There are many  similar geological  landscapes across the world that share the same characteristics, but which are know to be optical illusions. One such is “Gravity Hill”.

https://sites.google.com/site/mysterysynthesisjamiemosher/gravity-hill-explained

© David Calvert 2011

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Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Theory

ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY:
 
 a possible causal factor in alien abduction
 
David Calvert
 
 
EM fieldsThe basis of this theory is that there exists within the population – as the clinical studies of Albert Budden have shown – individuals who have the propensity to undergo realistic and vivid hallucinatory/visionary experiences associated with specific clinical parameters as a result of being exposed to fields from a variety  of sources of electrical and electromagnetic (EM) pollution in the environment ( see diagram). Under prolonged exposure to EM field irradiation, the electromagnetically hypersensitive percipients’ brains become electrically destabilized and they experience hallucinations as visual seizures and show signs and symptoms typical of  epileptiform states. These consciousness effects have come to be known as “alien contact” , or “abduction” experiences (CE IIIs and CE IVs respectively).
 
Budden’s studies have shown that such experiencers have developed an environmental sensitivity syndrome (ESS), including electrical hypersensitivity brought on by synergistic conditions in the environment which include major electrical event exposure (e.g., lightning strike proximity, electrocution, ball lightning, earth lights, corona discharges, etc.) and subsequent ongoing electromagnetic hotspot irradiation. Their sensitivity to environmental electromagnetic energies is what produces acute end states such as hallucinatory/visionary perceptions, including those formerly identified as psychic experiences, and latterly, interactions with extraterrestrials.
 
The dramatic and relatively sudden advance and proliferation of  electronic communication systems using radio frequency (RF) and microwave fields may well be instrumental in the production and exacerbation of  EH consciousness effects in the population.
 
Most importantly, Budden noticed that these experiences were set within the context of a consistent cluster of physical signs and symptoms, which were indicative of recognisable clinical effects and conditions including sensitivities  such as food allergies and chemical intolerances. Combined with psychological stress, which also induces adverse chemical changes in the body, it is instrumental in producing a breakdown of the bodies regulatory systems. This physiological dysfunction may lead to an intolerance threshold in nutritional, chemical and electromagnetic terms, known as the “load phenomenon”. Budden recognised, too, that if it were  true, the identification of such conditions could become a method of filtering out the hoaxes and fantasies from genuine cases.
 
In close encounter events individuals who have reached critical sensitivities may exhibit bizarre conscious effects when exposed to natural and man-made field emissions such as ball lightning, antennae/pylons, earthlights, etc. They are triggered to experience visionary, hallucinatory and emergent consciousness effects as shared hallucinations and/or veridical experiences which give information about the load phenomenon and/or body’s sensitivities/weaknesses in symbolic form.
 
Others may even share the “abduction” event. Emissions of personal fields, resulting from the allergic responses by the main EH focus/witness, can induct others into shared hallucinations when such personal fields merge with an ambient field that encloses all parties. The interpenetrating electrical medium links the nervous system of secondary witnesses to that of the EH focus as an induction effect.
 
The evidence of this theory is taken from control samples and actual case studies. The control samples were chosen on the basis that they were not subject to electromagnetic pollution and did not live in locations with raised levels of ambient fields (hot spots). Also absent were major electrical events in their lives, food allergies and chemical sensitivities. When compared with the study group, preliminary results showed that subjects who had not undergone a major electrical event did not develop electrical hypersensitivity or subsequently perceived formed figures, alien contact/abduction experiences etc., unlike the study group.
         
It  is hoped that the following example will provide the reader with some insights as to the correlations presented.
‘The Yorkshire Girl’

yorkshire girl

Since the age of sixteen Jane has reported repeated contact with aliens. Sometimes this takes the form of abduction into a “spaceship” that appears in the fields at the bottom of her garden, and at other times they appear in her bedroom at night. She describes them as tall with very large eyes, and during an ‘abduction’ episode, as she lay on a table, one of them had sexual intercourse with her. During the same episode, she saw some female aliens drinking something  from cups, and when she asked for a drink also, was firmly refused. She was also led to a table on which were a number of coloured sweets, and when she ate one, was severely admonished by an alien who told her that she should not eat them. About a week after this experience she developed a vaginal infection that was successfully treated at a local hospital.

COMMENT.

At the age of sixteen, Jane watched an orange ball of light circle her house, causing interference to the radio. This may have been a geologically produced earth light. Such aerial lights (termed electroforms) have been reported in association with power lines, a row of which ran across the bottom of her garden.

bol1

It evidently irradiated the house interior causing radio interference via power surges, and would have constituted a major electrical event. A major radio frequency (RF) antennae is positioned on a hill overlooking the house about 800 metres away. Her vaginal infection turned out to be a fungal overgrowth of candida, which is fed by the presence of sugar in the body, and her abduction experience include an aspect that indicated that she should not eat sweets. It is also relevant that she developed an acute and sudden allergy to sugared coffee. which made her vomit. This appears to have been represented by the depiction of the group of female aliens drinking from coffee cups, from which she was firmly barred. She also suffers chemical sensitivities, including an intolerance to domestic gas, and watches very little TV, as she seems to be sensitive to the fields it emits.

The sexual overtones she experienced during her abduction could have been induced by the septal area of the brain. Such responses have been induced under clinical conditions by neurologist Wilder Penfield, et al, by electrical stimulation of that area of the brain. However, with EH subjects no contact is required and EM fields from transmitter and/or pylons can induce a variety of hallucinatory sensations depending on the part of the brain in which focal seizures are initiated. This stimulation would cue appropriate imagery within the visionary drama, and in this case certainly seems to have induced the ‘alien intercourse’ sequence in combination with the presence of vaginal candida, which in physiological terms is also alien to the body.

Brain's limbic system vector

Proponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) appear unwilling to accept any alternative explanation for the phenomena under study. However correlations indicate an extremely robust effect, which soon become self-evident when investigated openly according to outlined parameters.

 References

Budden, A (1994): Allergies and Aliens. Discovery Time Press
Smith, C & Best, S (1989): Electromagnetic Man. Dent.
European Journal of UFO and Abduction Studies (EJUFOAS), September issue 1999.
Patient Information Pamphlet: Candida, The Breakspear Hospital. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire UK.
Nathan, Peter (1988): The Nervous System. pp 233: Oxford University Press.
Gilroy, John MD (1990): Basic Neurology. Pergamon Press.

© David Calvert 2011

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Winds of Change

WINDS OF CHANGE

 [1952-2000]

David Calvert

By 1952, in places as far apart as Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe, sightings of UFOs had almost reached epidemic proportions. In all its manifestations it had become a global phenomenon, with literally hundreds of sightings reported monthly. At its height those figures gradually stretched into thousands.

Daylight Discs and Lights in the Sky

These were common and reported by people from just about every walk of life, from two military guards and an F-49 Starfire fighter pilot at Chorwon, Korea, who observed a UFO with a dull centre and bright lights and bright rim darting about the sky; to literally hundreds of witnesses who reported sightings of UFOs of all shapes and sizes in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Perhaps the most dramatic part of the 1952 global wave, however, took place in Washington DC on 19-20 July and 26-27 July.

washington1952newspaper

The Events of 19-20 July occurred between 11:40 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. when radar picked up eight UFOs flying in restricted air space over the capitol. Their rate of speed was judged between 100 and 300 m.p.h. (160-480 km/h), suddenly accelerating to phenomenal velocities. At about this time airline pilots had begun to report strange lights in the sky over the capital. Jet interceptors were vectored to the area; arriving at 3: 30 a.m. Unfortunately the UFOs had disappeared, only to reappear after the jets had departed.

ufos over capitol builingRadar controllers at Andrews Air Force Base, who had been following the events, became stunned when a large orange sphere hovered over their base. Several days later on 26-27 July, from 9:00 p.m, up to twelve UFOs began performing similar manoeuvres. When interceptors were scrambled from Wilmington, Delaware, and came within radar range the UFOs again vanished from sight and their radar screens. They returned ten minutes later when the planes had all left the area. Nevertheless, at approximately 3: 20 a.m. a fresh flight of fighters arrived and this time the UFOs remained visible. A ring of huge blue-white lights that flew away before he was given permission to open fire on them surrounded one of the fighter pilots, Lt. William Patterson.

J Allen HynekSuch encounters were eventually to be dubbed by the renowned Dr. J. Allen Hynek as daylight discs (DDs) and nocturnal lights or lights in the sky (LITS), though the DDs category is somewhat misleading as it covers craft that are not necessarily disk-shaped. His classification scheme, however, was the first of its kind and despite recent additions remains the foundation for any serious ufological study.

Radar visuals (RVs) also fall under the Close Encounters of the First kind (CE I) category. The Patterson encounter falls under the second category as CE II (Close Encounter of the Second Kind), the objects appearing to interact with him.

Photographic Evidence

In the main the photographic evidence for CE Is and CE IIs has changed little, despite the advent of the camcorder and advances in photographic analysis and computer enhancement techniques. Colonel Wendelle Stevens, USAF, is still of the opinion that “Photographs are poor evidence because there are so many things we can do to technically produce images.”

However, optical physicist for the Surface Weapons division of the US Navy, Dr. Bruce Maccabee, who specialises in photographic UFO cases, argues that there are sufficient numbers of impressive cases where it can be established with reasonable conviction that some kind of extraordinary craft have been photographed.

 

As intriguing as photographic evidence of UFOs may be, it frequently comes down to trent ufolittle more than a light in the sky. This inconclusive phenomenon will never establish absolute proof of alien visitors. The ultimate evidence would be close-up shots of the interior of a UFO. Even though many alleged abductees, from the 1950s onward, have claimed to have been taken inside UFOs none have managed thus far to come forward with the ultimate photograph.

Encountering Otherworldly Entities

Before the term “alien abduction” was coined people were claiming contact with otherworldly creatures that came to visit Earth to pass on messages of goodwill and hand out sound advice. But what are we to make of such claims? On the one hand they are improbable to the point of absurdity, whilst on the other hand they are told with remarkable uniformity and passion.

adamski2Of all the early contactees, Polish immigrant George Adamski is probably the most well-known. His story began on 20 November 1952 when he and several friends allegedly spotted a huge cigar-shaped craft gliding silently into view over the Mojave Desert, California. Hoping to get a better view of the object, and perhaps even some photographs, he and two companions drove off into the desert. It was here he claimed to have seen and photographed the now famous saucer-shaped “scout ship” and encountered a 1.6 metre tall entity called Orthon who told him he was from Venus and had come to Earth to warn mankind of the dangers of nuclear energy and pollution – a common theme that persists up to the present day.

Adamski was later to receive worldwide celebrity status as the world’s first alien contactee. He recounted wild tales of travelling through space and of visiting the Moon, which was peopled by lunar citizens. However, humanity’s first tentative steps out into the solar system eventually proved his claims to be false. Although regarded as an out-and-out fraudster by many, there are a few ufologists such as Timothy Good who see merit in at least some of his claims.

The Abduction Experience

The contactee era of the 1950s gradually spilled over into the 1960s, with sightings of UFOs and their occupants becoming increasingly common, as did the abduction scenario. One of the best-documented cases of abduction is that of Betty and Barney Hill.

The characteristic nature of abduction cases ultimately began with the Hills in the 1960s, contrasting sharply with the infamous contactee cases of the 1950s.

The Hill’s story began late one night on 19 September 1961. The couple, which lived in New Hampshire, USA, were returning home from a short holiday when Betty saw a bright light close to the Moon. As they drove it appeared to be getting brighter so they pulled over and took a closer look. Barney thought it was an aeroplane so they drove on, but the object seemed to draw closer and got brighter and seemed to be circling the car. He pulled over again, and they watched the object drop behind some nearby trees. When Barney got out and walked towards it he saw a disc-shaped object with what appeared to be windows through which he glimpsed some strange-looking occupants. He returned to the car in a panic and drove home.

UFO_listing

When they arrived at their destination they discovered the journey had taken two and a half hours longer than it should have. As well as the “missing time” episode they began to experience other symptoms: they were both exhausted and had nightmares and high blood pressure. The doctors who tested and examined them could find nothing wrong. Eventually a reputable scientist put them under hypnosis and revealed a classic abduction story.

According to the evidence retrieved through hypnotic regression, the UFO had landed beside the road and rendered the Hills semiconscious. Small beings – similar in appearance to the alien entities called Greys – then took them forcibly on board the craft where they were separated and given medical examinations. Barney had semen extracted, and Betty underwent the painful experience of having a long needle inserted into her abdomen, as a form of pregnancy test she was told; a similar procedure that was carried out on Betty Andreasson Luca in 1967. Interestingly, although Betty Hill has always maintained her examination was non-sexual, some observers have speculated that the Hill’s case is one of the first to indicate an interest in our genetic makeup by the aliens.

One of the main aims of alleged alien visitation appears to be genetic experimentation, to create some type of hybrid baby, part human, part alien. As a result of the Betty and Barney Hill abduction, which is now considered a landmark in UFO history, ufology itself began to acquire greater discipline and credibility through the adoption of more systematic research methods.

Hybrid

hybridsMany extraordinary patterns have emerged concerning alien abduction, but the one most guaranteed to needle sceptics is that of alien implants – miniature devices that are inserted into the frontal part of the brain via the nose, the back of the head, through and just behind the ears, in the forearms and wrists and just about any other private parts of the human anatomy.

The Richard Price implant was unusual to say the least, in that he claimed it had been implanted into his penis by extraterrestrials.

In late autumn of 1964 he confided this to his girlfriend, who betrayed his trust and told his high school classmates. This earned him the nickname “spaceman”. Their incessant badgering of him resulted in him threatening another student and he was sent to a mental hospital for observation. Seventeen years later he was examined by Neal Rzepkewski, M.D., who discovered a subcutaneous “foreign body” roughly 4mm long and 1mm in diameter. His recommendation was that no further action be taken unless it caused him pain or discomfort.

In the spring of `81 or `82 Price experienced three hours of missing time while driving a taxi. It was later revealed, under hypnotic regression, that his taxi had been raised into a UFO. By 1989 the top of the implant was protruding slightly from the top of his skin and he called David E. Pritchard, PhD. Physics, on several occasions explaining his story. By August of that year it had dislodged, causing a sense of electric shock, and fell into Price’s hand. He placed the implant into a clean film container and delivered it to Pritchard.

Exhaustive tests were carried out on the artefact and it was discovered the implant had a uniform core of a brownish translucent material, partly covered with a whitish layer through which a number of appendages projected. It was roughly cylindrical, about 1mm in diameter and 3mm long. Interior examination of the core through a microscope revealed a crystalline material. This became considerably harder after being exposed to the air for several months; so hard in fact that a scalpel blade broke while trying to cut the core material.

Two small fragments of the core were mass analysed and the results showed mainly carbon and oxygen with all other elements including nitrogen, below the 2. % level. The appendages, revealed under higher magnification and scanning electron microscope, showed various other features. One of the appendages showed a threefold structure at the end, one of which was a hook. Another showed a flattish cross-section with random twisting. The ends of several appendages were noted to be red in colour. These structured ends had an overall size of 10 to 30 microns and were witnessed at the ends of four of the appendages. Pritchard looked for similar objects in different micro worlds. His conclusions were based on a professional scientific and clinical study of the highest order. His analysis showed nothing unterrestrial about the Price artefact. It did not appear to be fabricated, but bore the overall characteristics of something that grew. Its elemental and chemical constituents were also consistent with earthly biological origins.

For cynics this is proof positive that there are no such things as alien artefacts. However, in his conclusion Price also stated that it was possible that aliens could be clever enough to make devices that serve their purpose yet appear to have a prosaic origin as natural products of the human body.

Some questions still remain unanswered. Chiefly: how did Price predict the morphology of his implant before it was noticeable, and what function did it serve? Physician, Dr. Roger Leir’s examination of an alleged T-shaped implant, taken from an abductee, led his co-worker and electrical engineer, Bob Beckwith, to speculate that their artefact, which had a peculiar band of silicate crystals completely encircling the vertical rod, could be equated to a crystal radio receiving set.

The EBE Development

Reports of contacts with and abductions by EBEs (Extraterrestrial Biological Entities) form the High Strangeness band of the UFO spectrum. This stems from the fact that there is almost a total lack of consistency in reports of alleged contact. Over the last 50 years the EBE morphology has been described variously as tall, small, thin, fat, human-like, grotesque, saintly, covered in fur, hairless, with long arms, short arms, hands, claws, large heads, headless, friendly, indifferent, aggressive, appear solid, able to pass through solid objects, and levitate.

EBEs and their purported messages range from the bizarre to the comical, can be benevolent, uncaring or even sinister, but according to one of Britain’s UFO researchers, Peter Hough, they will always be outrageous, because to our computerised and regimented way of thinking, in the final analysis, it all appears insane.

Military and Government Involvement

Friedman bookStanton T. Friedman’s book Top Secret/Majic is undoubtedly the most explosive book yet written on the subject of covert governmental involvement concerning UFOs and their occupants. Despite the assurances by the US military and government that their interest in the phenomenon ceased in 1969 with the closure of the old Air Force Project Blue Book – the most extensive and more or less unclassified study of UFO sightings – there is a growing body of evidence which suggests otherwise.

The Cash/Landrum incident of 1980 is just one of many cases in which unmarked military aircraft are seen to be interacting with UFOs. Serious illness and death followed in the wake of this encounter.

In Britain, too, there appeared to be an ongoing government cover-up regarding the Rendlesham Forest incident, in which a triangular-shaped craft reportedly landed near a US military base.

 

rendlesham ufoThe incident was examined by former under-secretary of the Ministry of Defence, Ralph Noyes, who rounded on his former employers saying that they had lied about the case, and had covered it up.

The small town of Dulce, New Mexico, came to prominence in the late 1980s following a series of alleged abductions in which sensational reports of covert liaisons with “alien greys” and factions of the US military were made public. The reports suggested the US had basically traded land and facilities for alien technology, and that several projects had been activated between the two parties, including genetic experimentation for the purpose of creating alien/human hybrids.

The Coming of the Hybrids

David_M.JacobsAt the Project Awareness UFO and Metaphysical Convention in Tampa, Florida, David M. Jacobs, an Associate Professor of History at Temple University in Philadelphia, and a leading academic authority on UFOs and abductions, gave his wide-ranging assessment of the UFO abduction phenomenon to John Chambers. Jacobs believes that in the beginning it was a random selection from all ethnic groups who had nothing particularly in common either physiologically or mentally. The children of the abductees would themselves become abductees and so the term random selection no longer applied.

This immediately became an intergenerational phenomenon. Through normal population growth you then get a spreading out, a cone-like effect throughout society. What once started out as small gradually becomes larger and larger as the generations grow, until you get more and more people coming forward with their abductions stories. A conservative estimate given at the time was around two million people. However, polls and questionnaires suggested as many as five million – a very large phenomenon. As to human/alien hybrids, Jacobs had this to say: “This is a programme that has a beginning, a middle, and an end. Our best guess is that we are in the end point of the programme, and that the end point will be relatively soon, perhaps as little as the next twenty years.”

In that context he cited three changes that have taken place. The frequency of abductions has increased greatly. And, very importantly, there has been a great increase in adult hybrid activity in UFOs and on Earth. The adult hybrid activity on board UFOs, he explained, consists of helping the smaller grey aliens with their procedures, acting as assistants or aids. But, in some cases, hybrid directed abductions have been reported.

What the goal of this alien agenda is remains highly speculative, but the more Jacobs learns about the phenomenon the more pessimistic his view of the future becomes. When asked what we could do about it his reply was, “Absolutely nothing. The aliens have an incredibly advanced technology. They can do what they want to do. That’s the bottom line.”

Changes of Perspective

Possibly the greatest changes to have taken place in alien abduction/contact cases over the last half-century has been in the way they are perceived. Despite their being numerous alternate theories, the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) has remained popular ever since the Kenneth Arnold sighting, due largely to the media having ignored them and the promotion of TV programmes such as the cult sci-fi series The X Files.

One of its central themes is that aliens are visiting the Earth, and that humans are being abducted by some of them on a regular basis. “This is not simply a product of the programme-maker’s imagination,” writes Michael White, “but an idea that has become so entrenched in a range of Earth cultures as to have become almost a cliché. The only thing so far missing”, he continues, “is hard irrefutable proof to support the idea.”

Thanks largely to the likes of scientists such as Michael Persinger, et al; the long overdue and serious scientific study of the UFO phenomenon is now being redressed. As with all hypotheses theirs, too, possess both strengths and weaknesses. Most importantly, however, the UFO dilemma is now subject to rigorous scientific criteria and, as Persinger himself declared, “can be resolved by precise numerical analyses.”

© David Calvert 2011

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Deadly UFO Confrontations.

DEADLY CONFRONTATIONS.

David Calvert

CASE #1

Cpt. Thomas Mantell

 

thomasmantellAt around 2.45pm on January 7 1948, Captain Thomas Mantell arrived at Godman Field, near Fort Knox, Kentucky, on a ferrying flight. Accompanying him were five F-51s of the US Air National Guard. Before they could land an order was given to intercept a UFO which had been observed at around 1.20pm, hovering in the sky near the base. One fighter, low on fuel, was forced to land whilst Mantell and the others went in pursuit of the UFO.

Having reached an altitude of 15,000 ft (4,500m), two of Mantell’s wingmen peeled off and returned to Godman because their aircraft lacked the necessary oxygen demanded by USAF regulations when flying in excess of 14,000 ft (4,200m). Shortly after, Mantell radioed the control tower confirming visual contact with the UFO, which he described as “metallic and tremendous in size.” It appeared to be moving, he said, at about half his speed.

At 22,000 ft (6,600m) Lt. B A Hammond informed Mantell that he and his remaining pilot were abandoning the intercept, but he failed to respond and continued to climb. By 3.15pm he was lost to sight, and as there were no further calls from him a search was initiated almost immediately.

The wreckage of his P-51 Mustang was eventually located shortly after 5.00 pm on a farm in Franklin, Kentucky. His body was still inside it and his watch had stopped at 3.18pm, suggesting the time of impact.

Captain “Jim” F Duesler was a crash investigator stationed at Godman Field at the time and was required to attend the crash scene. He did so in the company of two other men. The trio were to make some strange discoveries concerning the crash, which had taken place in a small clearing surrounded by tall trees. When they arrived, Mantell’s body had already been taken away.

Military personnel who were present at the time were perplexed by the condition the body was in. The skin, they told Duesler, showed no signs of having been punctured or penetrated, despite all the bones in his body been completely crushed and pulverized. Duesler’s findings on inspection of the wreckage was equally strange. It looked as if the Mustang had “belly flopped” into the clearing. Because there was no damage to the surrounding trees it was obvious there had been no forward or sideways motion when the plane had crashed

Further investigations proved just as puzzling. The normally two foot wide fuselage,engineprop which was virtually undamaged, was now only nine inches wide. The condition of the propeller blades brought the investigators to the conclusion that they had not been rotating at the time of impact. The impact itself mystified Duesler. Because of the Mustang’s heavy front engine it should have nose-dived into the ground. This clearly was not the case. He went on to state: “There was no indication of any mechanical fault with the aircraft just prior to the crash. If there had been we would have expected Mantell to report this over the intercom. No such report was received.”

The official Army Air Force’s verdict was pilot error and the case was officially stamped ‘closed’ and the true circumstances of what had occurred entered the Project Saucer files, a secretive investigation group operating out of Wright-Patterson Army Air Field in 1948. Mantell, the AAF (Army Air Force) concluded, had blacked out due to lack of oxygen whilst trying to intercept a high altitude weather balloon.

Cultural Mood
In early 1948 the mood of the times was being reflected in films depicting aliens and their craft as being hostile, and so it was hardly surprising that rumours began to surface that one such invader had shot down Mantell.

the day the earth stood stillIn the 1950s the cultural mood had become distinctly bipolar. The movie, The Day the Earth Stood Still portrayed humanity, and not the aliens as a threat to world peace. Whereas in 1956, the film Invasion of the Body Snatchers showed aliens taking over human bodies in their conquest of the Earth. Both films demonstrate the uncertain light in which the UFO phenomenon was seen.

Venus or weather balloon?
At first the USAF seemed uncertain as to the cause of the Mantell crash, first explaining the UFO as the planet Venus and then later as a weather balloon – or a combination of both. It is now generally believed that what Mantell was chasing was a Skyhook balloon, secretly launched by the US Navy at the time, a scenario often touted by the military to explain away UFOs. The now famous Roswell Incident springs readily to mind.

To date, four possible scenarios have been given to account for Mantell’s death. The first suggests that he succumbed to oxygen starvation whilst chasing the planet Venus. This is unlikely, given that he was an experienced pilot and would not have mistaken the planet other than for what it was.

The second, that he succumbed to oxygen starvation whilst chasing a Skyhook balloon. This is entirely possible. However, independent witnesses of the Mantell UFO described it as an “inverted ice-cream cone” which suggests the balloon was flying upside down!

The third and fourth scenarios, put forward by commentators of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH), suggests that Mantell was fired upon by aliens out of self-defence, or that he fell foul of the“power field” generated by their craft. The general consensus of opinion however is that Mantell’s death was the result of an unfortunate accident.

Political Aspects
Following the Kenneth Arnold sighting of 1947, Americans and Europeans were ready to assume that “flying saucers” were from outer space. The idea of space exploration had already been mooted before WWII, and during the conflict German rocket technology had advanced spectacularly. Little wonder then that the USSR and USA rushed to recruit German scientists and technicians after the hostilities had ceased. The Americans feared that the USSR would soon develop its own nuclear capabilities, thus making an invasion of the US feasible. Its citizens and military were obsessed with the fear of communist invasion, and so the political anxieties of the time concerning invasions of all kinds and the idea of life in space came together in an odd sort of marriage. The ‘logic’ at the time was that if UFOs were not of terrestrial origin then they had to come from outer space, thus giving birth to the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, which has remained popular ever since.

A Place in History
Here, as in so many UFO cases, a clever disinformation programme was initiated to stifle the truth behind the Mantell affair. The Department of Defence (DoD) issued an official report that they claimed was made by Captain Duesler. Duesler has denied ever writing such a report to any authority and claims the DoD report is a fake and full of flaws.

During an interview with UFO investigator Tony Dodd, Duesler said that the faked statement included the words: ‘Certified A True Copy – James F. Duesler, Jr. Captain USAF.’  This had to be false because Duesler did not serve in the United States Air Force, but the US Army Air Corps before the inception of the USAF.

Even if we assume that Mantell died as a result of chasing a high altitude weather balloon, it does not explain the bizarre state of the wreckage and its occupant at the crash site.

To inject further mystery to this already unusual story, Duesler met a Dr. Loading, an aeronautical engineer who came in from Wright Field, Ohio, on the day after his initial investigation. Loading told Duesler that he was in charge of what he called the ‘Saucer Project‘, and that they were aware of high saucer activity taking place in and around large military exercises. Interestingly, just such an exercise had been taking place at Camp Campbell some fifty miles away on the day Mantell crashed.

Loading also went on to indicate that they were aware of the extraterrestrial nature of these craft and said, “Thank God they are not hostile, otherwise we wouldn’t stand a chance.”

Military history records Mantell’s death as due to ‘pilot error’, and who could argue otherwise? We can only speculate on what might have confronted him on that fateful day. His last message that it was “metallic and tremendous in size” leaves us with some intriguing possibilities.

CASE #2:

The Cash/Landrum Affair.cash - landrum

 

Case Background:

On a lonely road near to Huffman, East Texas, Betty Cash, Vickie Landrum and Colby Landrum (Vickie’s grandson), who were making a journey to Dayton, Texas, USA, saw a bright light in the sky ahead of them. When they drew nearer to the light, they saw that it was an object of some kind. Vickie described it as “A diamond on fire.”

The UFO had flames shooting out from the bottom of it. Its centre was ringed with blue lights or spots. When they were approximately 60 metres from the object, Betty stopped the car and all three got out to take a closer look. When Colby became afraid, he and Vickie got back in the car, followed a couple of minutes later by Betty, who had to use the sleeve of her jacket to open the door.

As they watched the UFO move away they all saw a large number of single rotor and landcashtwin rotor helicopters come into view. After resuming their journey they could see the UFO and helicopters from the main highway, before turning off toward Dayton and home.

The case wasn’t to end here, however. Some time later all three witnesses suffered some kind of after effects, which some have attributed to radiation exposure. Vickie and Betty suffered from a considerable amount of hair loss and all three experienced skin burns, headaches, vomiting, eye irritation and diarrhoea. Betty suffered the worse and was hospitalised several times, eventually developing breast cancer.

Cultural Note.

Several ideas were put forward by the UFO community regarding the origins of the Cash/Landrum UFO. In general they broadly reflect the spectrum of positions that ufologists take regarding such craft. They are as follows:

  •  A top secret atomic powered military aircraft that bore no relation to extraterrestrial UFOs. (Author’s note: If this was secret terrestrial technology why would the military choose to test fly it over a populated area?)
  • A top-secret military device piloted by ETs.
  •  UFO piloted by human pilots.

Political Aspects.

In 1986 an attempt was made to sue the US government for $30 million dollars damages as a result of the encounter. Because the US army, navy or airforce denied owning or operating such a craft the case was thrown out, with neither of the defendants or witnesses uttering a word. The question remains: who owned and who piloted the CH-47 twin-blade Chinook helicopters that appeared to be escorting or pursuing the UFO? We may never know the truth for sure.

Its Place in History.

That Betty and her companions had come into contact with something physically real that night, and was not an hallucination, is unassailably true. The symptoms they displayed following their encounter were consistent with exposure to microwave, ultraviolet and X-ray radiation too severe to be self-inflicted. But what had caused their great suffering? The principal investigator of the case, John Schuessler, interviewed airforce generals and congressmen about the incident. Their answers turned out to be contradictory or downright lies. It seemed they were going to great lengths to deny the entire event, despite further witnesses coming forward from the outskirts of Houston to say that they too had seen bright lights and helicopter activity that night.

Peter Gersten – a lawyer specialising in such cases – clearly believed a military cover-up had taken place and that the craft that irradiated his client was of US origin and not extraterrestrial. Though his attempt to sue the government failed, the case brought to the fore the need for accountability. It was a brave stance that sent out an unequivocal message to the powers that be and the shadowy, covert groups who do their bidding.

For Betty Cash that accountability will never be realised. Some years later, on the exact same date as the encounter occurred, she died from cancer. Hers is a case worthy of a place in UFO history, not least because of her great suffering but because she dared to make answerable to the people the role the government and military played in the affair.

© David Calvert 2011

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THE PACKHORSE BRIDGE GHOST.

The Devil’s in the Details.

bridge ghost original

‘Ghost hunters from Cheshire Paranormal Society (CPS) took this photo on a vigil of the historic Packhorse Bridge in the village of Caergwrle, near Wrexham.

At the time members hadn’t realised what was apparently standing on the bridge in front of them, said John Millington from the group, but some group members had reported feeling uneasy.

Also, other paranormal activity was a allegedly recorded, such as orbs of light, several of which can be seen in this photo in varying stages of luminosity.

Through further study and assistance from members of  Hope and Caergwrle Heritage Society, it’s thought that three ghosts haunt the bridge; a young girl and two women.

CPS members believe this photo shows the ghost of Squire Yonge who, the history books say, was well-known in the area 300 years ago.

The group also believe that the sighting of ghosts on the bridge could be to do with a former burial ground in the area and that the bridge was the access point.’

Image Analysis:

bridge ghost annotated

My annotations, thoughts and observations on this image read thus:

Top line notation: Possible water droplet(s) running down camera lens, being reflected by camera flash onto sensor? Fainter areas on figure may show the path taken by droplet(s) collecting at base of figure as brighter reflections.”

Second line notation: “To the immediate left of each red star there appears to be water droplet orbs illuminated by camera flash.”

Third line notation: “Damp patches, suggesting recent rainfall.”

Fourth line notation: “IMAGE CONSISTENT WITH ‘TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION’ PHENOMENON.”

Evidence-Based Conclusion.

When viewing this image one can easily understand how the ‘ghost’ interpretation can be easily accepted, especially by those who adhere to such beliefs. At first glance the image looks very impressive but, as they say, the Devil is in the details.

The damp patches on the ground, the light orbs, and the ghost figure itself are all created by the same thing – atmospheric water droplets.

Most of the orbs are faint, whereas one is much brighter. The reason for this is because the brighter orb is much closer to the flash and therefore reflects its light with greater intensity.

The figure itself has been created by water droplet(s). In this instance, however, they are on the camera lens and are being reflected onto the camera sensor creating a total internal reflection. The shape of the figure is purely coincidental. The fainter areas of the figure are where the droplet(s) have run down the lens leaving a residual track as they did so. The brighter areas are where the droplet(s) have much greater density and so reflect more light.

Further research into known images of total internal reflection support my hypothesis that the same phenomenon is occurring here.

Conclusion: Total Internal Reflection Camera Artefact

© David Calvert 2011

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The Blue Ridge Parkway Ghost.

The Camping Spirit.

blue ridge ghost1

Marti Finizio’s Tesitmony.

Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina. He took this picture with his iPhone and uploaded it to Facebook. A couple of weeks after returning home, a Facebook friend noticed the little girl standing behind his friends, on the left side. He emailed me this picture directly from his iPhone, the same one that took the picture.

You can see the corner of the tent through the little girl and the pixelation is the same throughout the picture.”

IMAGE ANALYSIS.

 

My initial notes concerning the image are as follows: 

‘The girl’s left arm appears to terminate just below the elbow (might this be from a cropped image?)’.

The eyes appear reminscent of  a ”Grey” alien, rather than human. They hav a V configuration and the mouth seems anatomically disproportionate to them. This figure reminds me of a chil’s doll – which gives me grounds for suspicion.’

Evidenced-Based Conclusion.

Along with this image came the statement that the pixelation is ‘the same throughout the picture.’ However, on closer examination, this wasn’t the case – suggesting the image had been photoshopped onto the original.

Following a fortuitous meeting with a friend, Karen Han of  Ghosts, Hauntings and the Paranormal contacted me and informed me that she may have found the source for the little girl, adding, “It’s a real girl after all!”

She had run into an old friend, Mary Walhstrom, from the Central Paranormal Research Society (Cprs) in Illinois, whose FB profile pick matches that of the ‘ghost girl’. Mary, apparently,  had modified a photo from a costume website for the image on her FB profile wall. Karen conjectured that the North Carolina ghost photo may have been lifted from the same costume website and photshopped onto the original image.

blue ridge ghost2Using this profile pic as a comparison, It was easy to determine that this was the picture used to perpetrate the hoax – right down to the missing portion of the left arm.

© David Calvert 2011

 

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Aliens and Hypnotic Regression.

Hypnosis and Hypnotic Regression:

A Critical Evaluation On their Use In Alien Abduction Cases

David Calvert

Background of Theory

Over one hundred and fifty years ago Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815), the modern father of hypnosis, attempted to raise the art of hypnotic suggestion to the level of practical science but, like many of his successors, he maintained a mystic attitude toward the problem as far as serious study of the field was concerned.

Franz Anton MesmerAs a result hypnotism acquired a bad reputation that persisted during many years and still is not completely dispelled. Its later utilisation by charlatans made the serious study of the phenomenon less reputable. Honest men were extremely wary lest their sincere interest in it brought them into disrepute.

Thankfully, under the pressure of expanding knowledge, all pressure collapses and hypnosis had found acceptance into the family of approved sciences. It has opened new vistas for research and practice. As research gains in courage and depth the theoretical and practical discoveries awaiting us are likely to transcend our best hopes. In the words of M. H. Erickson (1932), “The first and last words which can be said of hypnosis is that it is the most interesting and most profound of all psychological material …”

Throughout the pioneering days of Mesmer, J. M. Charcot (1825 – 93), Emile Couè (1857 – 1926), and Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), controversy surrounded the use of hypnosis. Even now in the 21st Century the use of hypnotic regression in alien abduction cases is a contentious one.

First used in 1962 on the Betty and Barney Hill case, hypnotic regression is the betty and barney hilltechnique widely used in assessing abductions as the hypnotist regresses the individual back to the time of their alleged abduction. Theoretically, if the individual is genuinely regressed to the time period in question then a variety of psychological and physiological functioning should be reinstated. In other words, the subject will relive the event and display the attendant physical and psychological trauma pertaining to their original encounter.

Since the Hills’ abduction, however, it has been debated as to whether these Hill encountermemories are recalls of actual events or are the product of pseudo memories (an effect that escalates with increased pressure to recall), the product of false-memory syndrome (the influence of the hypnotist’s suggestion during the course of therapy), or fantasy proneness (the ability to hallucinate voluntarily and have imaginary experiences that are as subjectively real as non-fantasised events).

Jenny Randles, and others, are highly suspicious of hypnotic regression techniques used to extract evidence of alien abduction. Indeed, she was instrumental in arranging a moratorium for the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA) that banned its use. She considers regression hypnosis as inherently dangerous.

If hypnotic memory in general is suspect, then hypnotically retrieved memory of abductions must also be suspect. This assumption, however, depends on the extent to which the experimental situation is comparable to that associated with the abduction experience. Abduction memories are characterised by dynamic, emotionally charged events that instil trauma, fear, anxiety, confusion, and anger. What is more, they are characterised by events so unusual as to be outside the range of normal human experience. However, the majority of laboratory research has used static and neutral source material.

Whilst some studies have used more relevant materials for retrieval such as stress inducing stimuli, or simulations of emotionally charged events like accidents or crimes, the results of which are entirely consistent with those using more mundane materials, they still fail to duplicate the quality of “strangeness” of abduction experiences, or the range and magnitude of emotional states associated with reported abductions.

Confirmative Evidence of Theory

hypnosisWhatever causal extent hypnosis plays in false experiences of alien abduction, its potential should increase as a subject’s susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion increases. However this was not borne out by Rodegehier, Goodpaster, and Blattbauer (1991) when they assessed a group of abduction experiencers for hypnotic responsiveness. The group’s ability to vividly imagine suggested scenes, the authors found, were no more susceptible to hypnotic suggestion than the general population.

Spanos, Cross, and Dubrieul, (1993), applied the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale on their experiencer population. The scale measures three dimensions of hypnotisability: number of items to which an appropriate response is made, extent to which the subjective effects called for are experienced, and the degree to which subjects’ responses are perceived as involuntary. They concluded that their experiencer population was no different from the controls on any of these measures.

Thomas Bullard (1994), in a survey of investigators and mental health practitioners, found that “nine out of ten respondents stated that many or most of their abduction experiencer subjects are easy to hypnotise”. This position, however, is not supported by formal tests of hypnotisability. The subjects may be highly hypnotisable in sessions dedicated to exploring their abduction experiences, but they are not highly hypnotisable per se. This may not be as paradoxical as it seems. It may be, as Orne, Whitehouse, and Orne and Dinges (1996) have argued – that the combined effects or relaxation, therapist-hypnotist validation, and repetitive probing create a situation in which “Individuals can be considerably more affected by hypnotic procedures and their behaviourally anchored ratings of hypnotic ability would suggest”.

It may well be that something about the abduction experience itself makes it particularly susceptible to hypnotic procedures – hence the discrepancy between hypnosis scores and the ease in soliciting abduction accounts. Research in this area has already identified several factors that may contribute to the situation:

  •  First, hypnotic recall improves when the material to be remembered is meaningful to the individual, when the emotional, physical, and cognitive conditions of the original experience are hypnotically reinstated, and as context for the event is more highly integrated with the memory to be retrieved. These conditions are common to hypnotic regression for the abduction experience.
  • Second, research on state-dependent learning suggests that returning to the state of consciousness in which an experience originally occurred might improve recall. For example, returning to a state of alcoholic intoxication improves recall of events that transpired whilst in that original condition. If hypnosis produced a mental state that in any way resembles the state during which and abduction is originally experienced, recall for that experience could be enhanced. Indeed, some abductees have described a mental state for the remembered event that is not unlike that reported by other subjects for the experience of being hypnotised.
  • Thirdly, the literature on hypnosis has provided some evidence that information gleaned in an unconscious state (i.e. subliminally) can be retrieved hypnotically. Although this research itself is controversial, it implies that information registered outside of normal consciousness awareness may be accessed during hypnosis. Abduction experiencers often describe knowledge apparently acquired in this manner.

Thomas Bullard (1989) wrote a compelling paper in the Journal of UFO Studies in which he examined the role hypnosis might play in the recollection of supposed alien abduction. He compared abduction accounts under hypnosis and non-hypnosis to see if the hypnotic procedure brought out similarities using different hypnotists. He generated a sequence of events, which appeared common in abduction accounts and compared his accounts with them.

The sequence compared against was:

  •  Capture (Intrusion, a zone of strangeness, time-lapse …)
  • Examination (including preparation, scanning, reproductive examination)
  • Conference.
  • Tour.
  • Otherworldly journey.
  • Theophany (religious message)
  • Return
  • Aftermath (including flashbacks, burns, anxiety, insomnia …)

He also examined the role of the hypnotist to see if they followed the six criteria when examining their abductees:

  • Professional credentials
  • Lack of prior convictions
  • Allow free recall before questioning
  • Avoid leading or demanding questions
  • No one else in the room
  • Memories withheld by post-hypnotic suggestion

From the examination of the hypnotists, only one, Benjamin Simon, actually filled allbenjaminsimon six criteria. He helped Betty and Barney Hill examine their supposed abduction. Initially Simon was never convinced that the case had an ounce of reality, believing that it was a shared fantasy. Transcripts show that he tried everything to trip them up under hypnosis but never succeeded. Only one other hypnotist, Donald Klein, came close, filling five of the criteria.

From dissecting the reports of hypnosis and non-hypnosis accounts, some striking similarities emerged. On the basis of his findings in 1989, Bullard concludes that “The form and content of abduction stories seems independent of hypnosis”, In a more recent study (1994) he concludes that hypnosis is a significant factor in regard to the quantity of material “recovered”, but not in any direct way to the content. He went on to state that the alarm over hypnosis is a false alarm.

Evaluation of Theory

Experiments have shown that hypnotically retrieved memory is often unreliable. However, the degree to which this research can be generalised to the kind of experience reported for abductions is not completely know, and some experimental evidence may actually be consistent with enhanced memory retrieval for this type of experience.

Certainly, this does not imply that investigators or mental health professionals can be casual about the use of hypnosis, or that hypnosis can be exonerated as a causal factor in abduction cases. Also, to dismiss hypnotically retrieved abduction accounts on the basis of what amounts to incomplete research is equally premature.

Simulations of the abduction experience conducted by A. H. Lawson, in which he asked hypnotised subjects to describe events associated with a suggested close encounter with a UFO, showed significant similarities between their imagined events and those of real abduction experiencers. Considered as the only direct test of the role of hypnosis in the abduction experience, sceptics widely cite this study as evidence for the dismissal of hypnotically retrieved memories. Conversely, ufologists (Bullard, 1989) have criticised it because of its methodology, conclusions, and generalisability. Each of these studies could, without doubt, benefit from tighter methodology and closer examination of the content and frequency of the generated reports. For now, however, they suggest that elements of the abduction experience are found in the imaginations of the non-experiencer population, and that consistency in abduction accounts is becoming more difficult to justify as evidence of veridicality.

To date there is no real tangible evidence to support the use of hypnotic regression in proving the veridicality of alien abduction accounts. But is it possible we have alien implantoverlooked a potentially rich field of study in this regard – that of alleged alien implants? Perhaps regression studies conducted on experiencers for the sole purpose of retrieving one or more alleged alien implants from their bodies would come some way to validating their stories. Would not the discovery, removal, and study of such implants, revealed under hypnotic regression, constitute evidence of veridicality, thereby supporting the continued use of hypnosis in alien abduction accounts?

References

Winn, Ralph B. Ph D (1956): Scientific Hypnotism. Wilshire Book Company.

Blankfort, Michael (1932): ‘Why We Don’t Know Much About Hypnosis’. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology

Randles, Jenny. (1997): First Contact. The X Factor, issue 29. Marshall Cavendish Ltd.

Randles, Jenny (1997): The Paranormal Researcher.The X Factor.

 Apelle, Stuart (1994 a): Hypnosis and the Accuracy of Abduction Memory: Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference held at M. I. T. (pp. 204-208) Cambridge, Mass: North Cambridge Press.

 DePiano, Frank & Salzberg, Herman C. (1981): Hypnosis as an aid to recall of meaningful information presented under three types of arousal. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 29, 383-400.

Zelig, Mark & Beidleman, William B. (1981): The Investigative Use of Hypnosis: A Word of Caution. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 29, 401-412.

 Brigham, John C., Maass, Anne, Snyder. Larry D., & Spaulding, Kevin (1982): Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in a field setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42, 673-681.

Malpass, R S., & Devine, P. G. (1980): Realism and eyewitness identification research. Law and Human Behaviour, 4, 347-357.

Sanders, G. S. & Warnick, D. H., (1981): Truth and consequences: The effect of responsibility on eyewitness behaviour. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2, 67-79.

Rodegehier, Mark, Goodpaster, Jeff, &  Sandra Blatterbauer, (1991): Psychosocial characteristics of abductees: Results from the CUFOS Abduction Project. Journal of UFO Studies, 3, 59-90.

Spanos, Nicholas P., Cross, Patricia A., Dickson, Kirby, & Dubreuil, Susan C (1993): Close Encounters: An Examination of UFO Experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 624-632.

Orne, Martin T., Whitehouse, Wayne G., Orne, Emily Carota, & Dinges, David F (1996): ‘Memories’ of anomalous and traumatic autobiographical experiences: Validation and consolidation of fantasy through hypnosis. Psychological Inquiry. 7, 168-72.

Shields, Ian W., & Jane Knox,  (1986): Level of processing as a determinant of hypnotic hypermnesia Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 358-364.

© David Calvert 2011

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The Tectonic Strain Theory (TST)

The Tectonic Strain Theory

(TST)

David Calvert

strain

The basis of this theory is that forces generated within the Earth’s crust give rise to anomalous luminous phenomena (ALP), and their contemporary equivalent UFOs, the major source of these phenomena being tectonic stress.

The suggestion is that heat is generated when the Earth’s tectonic plates rub together and that any water held in the surrounding rock is vaporised. This then becomes ionised and forms an insulating sheath around the fault, forcing the charge above ground. The air above the fault also becomes ionised, creating a luminous plasma of ionised gas above the fault, which appears as a floating ball of glowing light or ALP.

tagishlake

Tagish Lake A.L.Ps.

It was the renowned student of the anomalous, Charles Fort (1874-1932), who was among the first to note that strange ‘meteors’ seemed to coincide with earthquakes and tremors. In the 1960s the French researcher, Ferdinand Lagarde focussed tightly on the connection between the fault lines and UFOs and discovered that at least 40% of reported low-level UFO activity occurred over, or close to, fractures in the earth’s crust.

In 1997, two years after earth-mysteries researchers Paul Devereux and Andrew York published their findings of a survey in which they discovered significant meteorological anomalies of ‘strange lightning’ and UFO sightings occurring

persinger

Persinger

frequently over fault-line regions, Michael Persinger, a neuroscientist and geologist at Laurentian University in Canada, together with Gyslaine Lafrenière, published their study of United States earthquake epicenters and noted a strong correlation between these and high levels of UFO activity. They came to see UFOs as electromagnetic phenomena arising from the vast energy released through the structural distortion of the earth’s crust that often preceded full-blown earthquakes.

 

Both scientists envisioned fields of naturally occurring forces operating evenly, and without significant effect, over very large regions. But they also felt these regions could become focussed in a few small areas of particular geological resistance or instability to produce strange airborne lights. Thus the first public airing of what ufologists now term Tectonic Strain Theory or TST was given. However, Devereux believes the phenomenon is still not fully understood. His opinion is that the lights are triggered by a chain reaction of electrical forces in the atmosphere and in the earth’s crust – not solely by seismic activity. The combination of these factors create stress fields of magnetic and electrical energies that produce ALPs, such as the fireball photographed at Long Valley, New Jersey, in 1976.

The evidence for this theory is evident in the spatial and temporal relationship between UFO reports and seismicity. Retrospective studies strongly suggest a rapid onset of ALP and UFO reports take place approximately 10 days before a strong and unexpected earthquake. Where six-month increments of analyses were employed, the correlation was almost always statistically significant, showing a strong relationship between UFOs and seismic events.

It was the events in Hessdalen, Norway, that really put the ALP on the ufology agenda. In November 1981, people began to see strange lights in the sky, just below the summits and ridges of the surrounding mountains. These white and yellow-white lights took on the appearance of spheres, ‘bullets’ with pointed end downwards, and inverted ‘Christmas tree’ shapes. Reports also included flashes in the sky and curious rumbling sounds (seismic activity?).

hessdalen lights

In the 1970s the Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington State, was visited by huge orange fireballs that were seen floating above rocks, accompanied by smaller ‘pingpong’ balls of lights, which danced along the ridges. These lights were often seen in the vicinity of the ridges that ran across a zone riddled with fault lines and with Status Peak the site of a surface rupture. Seven months later the biggest earthquake in the area occurred.

Some years later, 52 observations of light phenomena were logged by Quebec University researchers in the Sanguenay-Lake St. John region of southeast Canada, between November 1988 and 21st January, 1989. fireballs metres in diameter were seen repeatedly popping out of the ground – some only a few metres away from the observers. Both stationary and moving balls of light were seen several hundreds of metres in the air, some lasting up to 12 minutes. Once again these UFO-type phenomena were associated with rising tectonic strain leading up to local earthquakes.

Also in 1989, geochemist Paul McCartney published a report of his investigation into earthlights activity in northwest Wales in 1904-5. He discovered that these lights followed the course of the deep-rooted Mochras Fault. Significantly, the outbreak of these lights occurred during a spate of earthquakes in various parts of Wales between 1892 and 1906. An earthquake measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale brought the lights back briefly in July 1984. This occurred in the Lleyn Peninsula, one of Britain’s most seismic active areas – and epicentre.

The possible link between ALP and UFOs has caused a schism in the ufological community. Advocates of the ET spacecraft theory fail to see how small lights can explain ‘solid body’ craft seen in daylight. In reply, the TST researchers contend that popocatapetyl lightsthe lights can sometimes reach ‘standard’ flying saucer sizes. What is more, if ALP are some kind of plasma (hot, electrically charged gas), then they would also appear shiny and metallic in daylight. It would certainly explain the ‘silvery discs’ reported by many in Mexico during a prolonged UFO ‘flap’. Here, geomagnetic anomalies and dancing lights have been recorded increasingly around the active volcano, Popocatepetl.

TS theorists have speculated that such physical properties should reflect some fundamental feature of the local earth’s crust and the medium through which the ALP is generated. For example: sulphide-based ores would be expected to generate sulphuroxide or methyl sulphonamide (the smell added to propane gas), correlative quartz dioritewith the LP. Reports of ‘residual radiation’ might well be the product of acidious quartz diorite, which promotes the release of the relatively common radioactive gas, raydon. Enhanced gas emissions and chemiluminescence have been postulated to generate at least some types of earthquake lights. It should be expected, therefore, that measurable residues of LP, when they touch the ground, should reflect the primary constituents of crustal material. The few metallurgical analyses that have been conducted have borne this out, revealing oxidised forms of the most frequent elements of common rocks such as silica, manganese, and aluminium. Quantitative estimates indicate that only a few grams of metal, scattered along a strong electromagnetic surface, would appear as ‘metallic’.

REFERENCES.

The X Factor (1997), issue 23: Marshall Cavendish Ltd. Persinger, M. A. & Lafrenière, G.F. (1997), Space-time transients and unusual events. Nelson Hall, Chicago.

Devereux, P. (1989), Earth Lights Revelation. Blandford, London.

Derr, J. S. & Persinger, M. A. (1986), Experientia Hedevari, P. & Noszticzius, Z. (1985), Annales Geophisicae.

© David Calvert 2011

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